In 1998 the Modern Library, a publisher of classic literature, released a ranking of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. It was chosen by the publisher’s editorial board, so it is one expert opinion, not a vote of readers, and it has been argued over ever since.
It works well as a reading plan for the twentieth-century canon: Joyce, Fitzgerald, Nabokov, Huxley and many more. Books are shown in rank order, starting with number one, and each has a one-line hook and a note on what reading it gives you.
Best for: Readers who want to work through the classic twentieth-century novels.
Three Dubliners live one ordinary day, 16 June 1904, in eighteen episodes that loosely echo the Odyssey
What you get: A playful, inventive journey through one day that rewards patient readers with humor and beauty.
Nick Carraway rents a house on Long Island next to the estate of Jay Gatsby, who throws lavish parties
What you get: A shimmering glimpse of the Jazz Age, with parties, longing and some of the most quoted lines in American fiction. Compact and stylish, it rewards a second read.
Stephen Dedalus grows up in Dublin and at a Jesuit school, questioning the Catholic and Irish rules around him
What you get: A vivid, inventive story of growing up and breaking free, written in language that grows with its hero.
Humbert Humbert addresses the reader as a jury in a memoir about his obsession with a 12-year-old girl
What you get: Dazzling language and a voice that makes you think hard about how stories are told.
In a future where people are engineered in bottles and conditioned into castes, Bernard Marx begins to doubt
What you get: A vividly imagined future that makes for great conversation. Its ideas about happiness, technology and society feel surprisingly current, and they keep you thinking.
The decline of the Compson family, told by three brothers and then by their servant Dilsey
What you get: An immersive, powerful novel that rewards your attention with unforgettable voices.
Captain Yossarian, a bombardier in 1942-44, checks into a military hospital to avoid flying more missions
What you get: A brilliantly funny, inventive novel that gave a famous phrase to the English language. Clever, absurd and endlessly quotable, it is a joy for lovers of wit.
An Old Bolshevik is arrested in the night by the secret police during the Great Purge of 1938
What you get: A tense, concentrated story that gets you thinking about truth and loyalty.
Gertrude, a refined woman, marries a rough miner, and her affection turns toward her sons
What you get: A heartfelt, beautifully observed story of family, love and growing up.
The Joad family leaves Oklahoma for California
What you get: An epic road story with unforgettable characters and a deep sense of togetherness. It shows the strength of ordinary people and leaves you moved and inspired.
On the Day of the Dead in 1938, an alcoholic British consul in Mexico is rejoined by his wife
What you get: A vivid, atmospheric day in a tropical town, written with great intensity.
Ernest Pontifex grows up in an oppressive Victorian home, in a book left unpublished until Butler's death
What you get: A witty, honest story that still feels fresh and sharp.
Winston Smith rewrites history at the Ministry of Truth in a Britain ruled by the Party and Big Brother
What you get: A gripping, unforgettable vision that sparks conversation and gives you new language for thinking about truth, language and power. A true classic that lingers in the mind.
Claudius, dismissed as a harmless stammerer, tells of the Julio-Claudian dynasty from Julius Caesar to Caligula
What you get: A delicious tale of palace plots and sharp characters, told with the voice of a surprising emperor.
The Ramsays' summer at a seaside house on the Isle of Skye, built around a planned trip to a lighthouse
What you get: Luminous prose that helps you notice the beauty in everyday moments and the passing of time.
Clyde Griffiths, raised by poor missionary parents, takes a bellhop job at a prestigious Kansas City hotel
What you get: A gripping, sweeping story that keeps you turning pages and thinking about society.
When his deaf friend is sent away, John Singer lodges with the Kellys and the town gathers around him
What you get: A quietly moving story that makes you feel for each character and understand their longing for connection.
Billy Pilgrim, an optometrist from Ilium, New York, lives his life out of order, from Dresden to Tralfamadore
What you get: A short, inventive, distinctive story that jumps through time with wit and warmth. It is one of the most original novels of its century and a quick, rewarding read.
An unnamed Black man in a room lit with stolen electricity tells how he became invisible
What you get: A bold, powerful, inventive story that makes you think about who we are and how others see us.
Bigger Thomas, 20, lives with his family in one Chicago room and takes a job with a wealthy white family
What you get: A fast, intense story that makes you think about society and responsibility long after you finish.
Eugene Henderson, rich and restless, travels to Africa to find out what an inner voice keeps saying it wants
What you get: A lively, inventive and big-hearted journey.
Julian English, a car dealer in Gibbsville, undermines his own life over three days with impulsive acts
What you get: A taut, well-made novel with vivid portraits.
Twelve characters, newsreels and biographies map the United States before, during and after World War I
What you get: A bold, original mix of stories, headlines and portraits.
Twenty-two linked stories about the people of a small Ohio town and the young reporter George Willard
What you get: Tender, simple stories that show the hidden lives of neighbors.
Adela Quested and Mrs. Moore travel to Chandrapore, India, where Adela is considering marrying Mrs. Moore's son
What you get: A beautifully observed story that explores misunderstanding and connection against a vivid backdrop.
Kate and Merton are engaged but poor, and Milly Theale, a rich American heiress, arrives in London
What you get: A subtle, beautifully told drama about friendship and desire.
Lambert Strether goes to Paris to bring home the son of his fiancée, the widowed Mrs. Newsome
What you get: A refined, thoughtful story that rewards slow reading.
Dick and Nicole Diver, a glamorous couple on the French Riviera, draw a young actress into their circle
What you get: Gorgeous prose and a glittering Riviera setting that make a story of love and ambition shine.
Studs Lonigan, a tough teenager on Chicago's South Side, is worn down by the spiritual poverty around him
What you get: A powerful, absorbing portrait of a young man in Chicago.
Two wealthy couples, one English and one American, meet at a German spa and keep coming back for years
What you get: A brilliant, twisty story of two couples that grips from page to page.
The mistreated animals of Manor Farm rebel against their human owner, hoping to build a fairer society
What you get: A short, clever fable that is quick to read and rich to discuss. You get a memorable story and a fresh view on how societies and leaders work.
An impoverished Italian prince in London is about to marry Maggie Verver, a rich American, and meets Charlotte Stant again
What you get: A rich, intricate novel for lovers of fine writing.
Eighteen-year-old Carrie Meeber leaves rural Wisconsin in 1889 to live with her sister in Chicago
What you get: A vivid, absorbing portrait of a young woman making her way in Chicago and New York.
Tony Last's marriage collapses when his wife takes a lover, and he joins an expedition to the Brazilian jungle
What you get: A brilliantly dry and funny novel with a surprising final turn.
The Bundren family carries their mother's body by wagon to Jefferson, where she wanted to be buried
What you get: A vivid chorus of voices telling one family's strange and moving journey, full of dark humor.
The rise of a populist governor, told by his aide
What you get: A rich, voice-driven portrait of ambition and conscience that remains thought-provoking and gripping.
A rope bridge in Peru collapses and a friar asks why those five died
What you get: A beautiful, compact book that invites you to think about love, fate and why people matter.
Three families, the Wilcoxes, Schlegels and Basts, cross paths in Edwardian England across class lines
What you get: An elegant, humane story about how people from different worlds can find each other.
On his fourteenth birthday, John Grimes faces his strict preacher stepfather and his Harlem storefront church
What you get: Rich, musical prose and deep feeling that bring a boy's search for himself to life.
Major Scobie, a police officer in a wartime West African colony, faces a moral crisis
What you get: A moving, tightly written story about conscience and compassion.
After a plane crash leaves only British schoolboys alive on an island, they try to organize themselves
What you get: A compelling story that is hard to put down and easy to discuss. It sets your mind working on leadership, community and how groups organize themselves.
Four men from a Georgia city take a weekend canoe trip down a river about to be dammed
What you get: A fast, gripping story that keeps you on edge.
Nicholas Jenkins narrates twelve volumes about his life and the people he meets, from youth to postwar change
What you get: A rich, funny and gently ironic series of novels you can live in.
Interlinked storylines follow writer Philip Quarles, painter John Bidlake and their circle, structured like musical counterpoint
What you get: A lively, clever book that gives a sparkling look at an era.
A group of American and British expatriates travels from Paris to Pamplona for the San Fermín festival
What you get: A stylish, wistful story with vivid scenes of travel, friendship and longing.
Adolf Verloc, a police informant and agent for a foreign embassy, is pressured to stage a bombing in London
What you get: A sharp, atmospheric thriller that is also a witty study of people.
In the South American republic of Costaguana, a silver mine's wealth fuels revolutions, and a longshoreman guards its silver
What you get: An epic, vivid story with a rich cast and a strong sense of place.
Three generations of the Brangwen family in the Erewash Valley, as industry spreads across the country
What you get: Lyrical, deeply felt writing that follows a family through changing times.
Sisters Ursula and Gudrun Brangwen meet Rupert Birkin and Gerald Crich, and the four form attachments
What you get: Intense, lyrical scenes that give you plenty to think about love and freedom.
Henry Miller narrates his life as a struggling writer among Paris bohemians in the early 1930s
What you get: A raw, energetic voice and a vivid sense of life on the edge.
An American reconnaissance platoon fights on a fictional South Pacific island during World War II
What you get: An absorbing, realistic story of a platoon.
Alexander Portnoy confesses his life story to his psychoanalyst in one continuous monologue
What you get: Fast, funny, fearless monologue that is as entertaining as it is honest.
A 999-line poem and the commentary of a neighbor who tells a separate story of an exiled king
What you get: A dazzling, inventive book that invites you to read between the lines and enjoy every clue.
A pregnant young woman travels to Jefferson, Mississippi, searching for the father of her child
What you get: Deeply felt, beautifully written portraits of people in a small Southern town.
After a divorce, Sal Paradise meets Dean Moriarty and begins travelling across the United States with him
What you get: The rush of the open road, spontaneous friendships and the spirit of adventure.
A San Francisco detective takes a case from a mysterious woman, and a search for a black statuette follows
What you get: A fast, stylish mystery with a tough detective, shifting loyalties and razor-sharp dialogue.
Christopher Tietjens, a government statistician, lives through marriage, love and the First World War in four novels
What you get: A rich, absorbing set of novels about a man and the world changing around him.
A New York lawyer torn between his fiancee and her cousin in the 1870s
What you get: A beautifully observed love story full of longing and fine detail, with an ending that lingers.
A glamorous young performer arrives at Oxford, where her grandfather is Warden of Judas College
What you get: A delicious, stylish comedy about love and Oxford.
A New Orleans stockbroker who finds more meaning in movies than in daily life begins a search at Mardi Gras
What you get: A charming, reflective story set in New Orleans.
Two French priests work to establish a Catholic diocese in New Mexico after the territory passes to the United States
What you get: A serene, luminous novel that feels like a long walk through the desert at sunrise.
At Schofield Barracks in Hawaii, a career soldier who refuses to box is harassed daily by his superiors
What you get: A powerful, absorbing portrait of men and loyalty in a peacetime army.
The Wapshots of a Massachusetts fishing village: Leander, his sons Moses and Coverly, and Cousin Honora
What you get: A lively, charming story full of humor and heart.
Expelled from Pencey Prep, Holden Caulfield spends a few days wandering New York City before Christmas
What you get: A strong, honest voice that pulls you into a few memorable days in New York. It captures the feeling of being young and searching, with humor and heart.
Fifteen-year-old Alex narrates his gang's violence and then the state's attempt to reform him
What you get: A fast, inventive story with its own slang that makes you think about freedom and goodness.
Orphaned and club-footed, Philip Carey searches for direction through art, medicine and troubled relationships
What you get: A wise, deeply human story of a young man finding his way, full of feeling and insight.
Charles Marlow recounts his steamboat journey up an African river to find the ivory trader Kurtz
What you get: A concise, haunting story that creates powerful atmosphere and invites you to think.
Carol Kennicott marries a doctor and moves to his small hometown, Gopher Prairie, intending to reshape it
What you get: A funny, sharp and affectionate look at small-town life and a heroine who wants more.
Lily Bart, a 29-year-old socialite with no fortune, seeks a wealthy husband to secure her future
What you get: A beautifully told, moving story of a woman in a glittering world, full of sharp observation.
Four novels set in Alexandria, Egypt, before and during the Second World War, seen from different points of view
What you get: A shimmering four-part portrait of a city seen from different angles.
After a hurricane destroys their Jamaican home, seven children set out for England on a ship seized by pirates
What you get: A vivid, unconventional adventure that surprises you.
Mohun Biswas marries into the powerful Tulsi family in Trinidad and becomes determined to own a house of his own
What you get: A richly told story of a man's dream of having a home of his own.
Artist Tod Hackett comes to 1930s Hollywood to work as a set designer and befriends a group of hangers-on
What you get: A vivid, concentrated portrait of dreams and disappointment.
Frederic Henry, an American ambulance officer in the Italian army, falls in love with an English nurse
What you get: A tender, sorrowful love story with vivid scenes and a voice that feels honest.
William Boot, who writes nature notes, is mistaken for a novelist and sent abroad as a foreign correspondent
What you get: Laugh-out-loud satire that is a pleasure from the first page.
A charismatic teacher at an Edinburgh girls' school takes six ten-year-old pupils under her wing in the 1930s
What you get: A brilliant, funny and sharp little novel with a teacher you will not forget.
A rumour about the Dublin publican HCE and his family runs through seventeen chapters written in a dream-language
What you get: A daring, musical book that invites you to enjoy sound and play.
Kim, an orphaned Irish boy in British India, travels with an elderly Tibetan lama in search of a legendary river
What you get: A colorful, lively adventure full of vivid scenes, friendship and the thrill of the road.
Lucy Honeychurch travels through Italy with her chaperone, where the unconventional Emerson family unsettles her expectations
What you get: A sunny, witty love story that makes you smile and long for travel.
An army captain camped near the mansion of Brideshead recalls his Oxford friendship with Sebastian Flyte
What you get: A lush, wistful story about youth and a family you will not forget.
A boy from a poor Chicago family drifts through jobs, loves, homes and schooling toward a settled life
What you get: A free-spirited, funny and wise story that makes you love its hero.
A retired historian writes his grandmother's story
What you get: A rich, patient story that connects past and present and makes you feel the beauty of the land.
Salim, an Indian merchant, opens a shop in a remote riverside town in a newly independent African country
What you get: A rich, atmospheric story with sharp observations.
After her mother's death, sixteen-year-old Portia Quayne moves to London to live with her half-brother and his wife
What you get: A beautifully observed novel of feeling and manners.
A young British seaman abandons a distressed passenger ship and spends years trying to live down the public censure
What you get: A rich, atmospheric story about courage and honor that holds you.
A wealthy New Rochelle family, an immigrant father and daughter and a Black musician appear alongside real historical figures
What you get: A lively, fast-moving panorama of early twentieth-century America.
Constance and Sophia Baines grow up in their family's shop in Bursley, then take very different paths
What you get: A rich, steady portrait of lives across decades.
Buck, a pampered pet in California, is stolen and sold as a sled dog in the Klondike Gold Rush
What you get: A fast, vivid story of survival and instinct in the snowy north that grabs you immediately.
With their employers away, the servants of an Irish country house pursue their own rivalries during the Second World War
What you get: A clever, charming novel told largely in conversation.
Saleem Sinai is born at the moment of India's independence, linked to a thousand other children
What you get: A dazzling mix of humor, myth and history in a voice that sweeps you along. Imaginative and unforgettable.
The Lester family, poor Georgia sharecroppers, stay on their land while living conditions steadily worsen
What you get: A vivid, bold portrait that stays in your mind.
A drifter returns to Albany over three days at Halloween
What you get: A powerful, deeply humane portrait of a man facing his past over three days.
Nicholas Urfe takes a teaching job on a Greek island and is drawn into a wealthy recluse's psychological games
What you get: A puzzling, atmospheric story that keeps you guessing about what is real.
Antoinette Cosway, a Creole heiress in 1830s Jamaica, enters an arranged marriage with an Englishman
What you get: A haunting, beautifully written story that offers a fresh perspective on a well-known tale.
Jake Donaghue, a homeless and broke writer, looks up old acquaintances and is led into a series of comic adventures
What you get: A quick, charming comic novel with clever scenes.
A young writer in a Brooklyn boarding house befriends a Polish survivor of Auschwitz and her volatile lover
What you get: An intense, beautifully written story that stays with you and deepens your sense of what people carry.
Port and Kit Moresby of New York travel to the North African desert hoping to resolve their marriage's problems
What you get: A hypnotic, vivid journey through the desert that draws you into another world.
Frank Chambers, a drifter, takes a job at a rural California diner and begins an affair with the owner's wife
What you get: A tight, lean thriller you can read in one sitting, full of passion and suspense.
Sebastian Dangerfield, an American student at Trinity College, Dublin, pursues drink and women in post-war Dublin
What you get: A rowdy, vivid and witty adventure.
A wealthy family's decline as its Midwestern town industrializes
What you get: A graceful, wistful story of a proud family and a growing city.
Showing 20 of 100
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction WinnersBooker Prize WinnersNational Book Award for Fiction WinnersWomen’s Prize for Fiction WinnersHugo Award for Best Novel WinnersBest-Selling Self-Help BooksNew Award-Winning BooksMost Wanted BooksTop Rated BooksBooks Made into Movies and TVBest Literary Fiction BooksBest Historical Fiction BooksBest Classic BooksBest Science Fiction BooksBest Mystery and Thriller BooksBest Fantasy BooksBest Self-Help BooksBest Nonfiction BooksBest Young Adult BooksBest Horror Books